Job Stress Essay -- essays research papers

Over the past few decades, many people are hearing more about job related stress. With many households depending on duel incomes, people are working more and having less leisure time. Many claim that job stress has contributed to such illnesses as heart disease, depression, gastric problems, exhaustion, and many other related illnesses. This paper will focus on the background issues surrounding stress; as well as, the steps that need to be taken by one’s self and the employer. According to The Random House Dictionary, stress is defined as “physical, mental, or emotional tension.'; Job stress occurs when demands are imposed upon the workers in which they can not meet those demands, or when there are not enough adequate supplies or information available for the employee to perform their job as required (Paine, 1982, pg. 68). In the book The Overworked American, author Juliet Schor (1991) reports that 30 percent of adults have reported experiencing high levels of stress on a daily basis. There is an even higher percentage of adults who have claimed to have high levels of stress at least once or twice a week. In 1965, only a quarter of the population reported that they are rushed to get things done resulting in high stress levels. Today, that number has increased to one-third of the American population claiming they are rushed on a daily basis (Schor, 1991, p.11). King 2 Prolonged severe stress can cause emotional depression, the exhaustion stage is not depression, but a physical process. Long-lasting excessive stress can cause a variety of physical illnesses. Among them: high blood pressure, ulcers, colitis, arthritis, diabetes, stoke, and heart attack. The same type and level of stress can effect individuals differently. It depends on the person’s physical condition (age, sex, genetic predisposition) and on certain external factors (diet, or treatment with certain drugs or hormones) as to the physical or emotional suffering that will occur. The weakest link in a chain breaks down under stress, even though all parts are equally exposed to it (Bensahel, Goodloe, and Kelly, 1984, p. 130). Illnesses that derive from stress usually develop slowly, without the individual being clearly aware of what is happening. Guidelines were developed by Robert J. Ban Amberg, a practicing psychiatrist in Montclair, New Jersey to help individua... ...t should be flexible with goals which are reasonable, rather easily achieved, promoting high success rates, and participation should be voluntary. 8. Program should be chosen or constructed and implemted on on the basis of close cooperation between mangement, employees, and professionals in the field. Employers and employees share responsibility for the maintenance of a healthy and safe working enviroment. Employers are by law obligated to provide a safe working intervention, formal and informal, is shared responsibility and calls for a coperative effort. In general people react badly with either to little or to much stress. In basic terms,stress is one aspect of living that can be beneficial when it motivates,encourages changes or inspire. Bensahel,Jane,Goodloe,Alfred,and Kelly,John. (1984). Managing Yourself-How to Control Emotion,Stress,and Time. New York: Franklin Watts. Kizer, William M. (1987). The Healthy WorkPlace. New York: John Wiley and Sons Paine, Whiton Stewart. (1982). Job Stress and Burnout. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Schor,Juliet B. (1991). The Overworked American. New York: Basic Books. Cooper and Marshall. (1985) Stress in the Workplace Job Stress

Employee Theft

†¢Explain the reasoning behind employee theft. Employee theft could be a result of many issues that arise at the place of employment. Low morale at the workplace is a major reason why businesses suffer from low production and stealing at the workplace, especially if the employee feels that the business or company has wronged or mistreated them in some way. Another reason would be if the employee feels that they are underpaid or under-appreciated for their performance. In sales, lack of control over inventory makes it easier to steal because the employer does not have preventive measures to avoid it. Preventive measures are crucial to reducing the risk of employee theft. If preventive measures are not existent then the opportunity to steal is very high. The best way to control employee theft is to set policies and guidelines regarding the issue. If there are no set consequences to employee theft then employees will continue to steal, because they think that they won’t be punished. †¢Explain ways the culture of our capitalists society encourages attitudes like those Sheehy describes. I would say a culture of technological revolution and an ever expanding ‘action-packed’ business world, along with an image shaped by a culture of video games and action movies has definitely contributed to encouraging attitudes like those Sheehy describes. As it is stated in the text, â€Å" The college students in particular, reports Sheehy, believed that a no- holds- barred, trample- over- anybody, get- what –you- want approach is the necessary and glamorous road to success. This relates directly to the John Rawls notion of justice as fairness. Rawls lists the following among the equal basic liberties: â€Å"freedom of thought and liberty of conscience; the political liberties and freedom of association, as well as the freedoms specified by the liberty and integrity of the person; and finally, the rights and liberties covered by the rule of law. † This notion is characteristic of the capitalist society. There are many contributing factors surrounding employee theft. I think that the desire to steal is a direct result of your moral values. Sheehy stated, employee theft accounts for 50 percent more revenue loss for retailers than shoplifting. So what’s causing the employees to steal? Some employees may steal because the opportunity presents itself, others may steal because it’s part of their DNA, and some may still because they feel that they may be underpaid therefore; they are entitled to more and will compensate themselves. For example, I have a friend that was a Shift Manager at Popeye’s and she was recently fired for stealing money. I asked her to rationalize her actions; she stated that she was getting underpaid and was upset because the company recently hired a new Shift Manager with a higher salary. She also, stated that she was very flexible, worked long hours if needed, and always helped others with their tasks and duties. Bottom line, she felt that the company did not value her hard work and dedication; therefore she stole the money to even the score. She is now looking for a job and her unemployment was denied due to theft. I believe the employees that steals from their workplace, did not take time out to think about the consequences if their caught. In summary, the attitudes Sheehy shared in his report is evident in most businesses today. Some people feel that they will do enough just to get by until something else comes along. Others may feel unappreciated and underpaid, which may cause them to steal from the company to make up the difference. The implications of the work ethics Sheehy reported in the article will have a negative impact on future American businesses, which may cause businesses to close and an increase in corporate fraud. If society does not change the attitudes, we will be a nation without purpose. Having strong work ethics and a mindset of appreciation for the workforce/ environment will help shape our future. Would you report an overpayment to your manager or would you pocket the money if a customer forgot to get his/her change? As mentioned earlier, Sarah reported the overpayment to her manager and coincidently the customer returned back to the store for her change 3 hours later. Sarah displayed a level of integrity and appreciation for her workplace. I believe we still have hope. Sheeny, J. (2010). A New Work Ethic? In W. H. Shaw, Business Ethics (p. 164). http://www. ifpo. org/articlebank/employee_theft. html Explain the reasoning behind employee theft. Sheehy reported that the number cause of employee theft is peer pressures, teenagers are been forced to steal in order to become part of the pack, they feel like they are not been compensated accordingly with their jobs to the nature of their jobs so they feel like it is their given right to get what is owed to them. Also because they can get away with it, it is hard to prove something when no one is willing to tell the truth because they all do it. Explain ways the culture of our capitalists society encourages attitudes like those Sheehy describes. People can actually do what they want to do, if you have a job that you hate, you will not be able to motivate yourself to perform the way you suppose to. On my email signature a work I have a quote saying â€Å"find something you love to and you will never have to work again a day in your life†. It is important that your job should be a hobby, something you are willing to do even if you are not getting paid, but the economy is causing for more people just to take any kind of job in order to survive even if they hate what they are doing.

Personal Ambition And Self Respect By Mary Jane Ward s...

Personal Ambition and Self-Respect in The Bell Jar Inspired by Mary Jane Ward’s The Snake Pit, The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath was released in 1963 and discusses a great deal of how difficult it was to be a woman in the 1960s. The 1960s was a struggling time for women; society set standards that women felt obligated to follow. Society told women that their only jobs were to get married, have children, and become homemakers, and if a woman did not fall under all of these categories, she was considered a social outcast. The main character, Esther Greenwood, fears that she will not make a good wife because she could not cook, she stood too tall, and danced poorly. Women also had many restrictions on what they could do. For example, they could not serve on a jury, get an Ivy League education, and they did not experience equality in the work place. Society expected women to follow these standards perfectly, without fault. How were women to live by all of these standards and still thi nk of themselves as strong and independent? Alas, because society focused so much on what women should do, that they did not appreciate some of the other things that some women could do. Intelligence, determination, and understanding were not considered impressive or useful to women in this time. The character Esther Greenwood in Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar reflects the struggle to maintain self-respect and personal motivation in a society that demands perfection. Sylvia Plath starts off The Bell Jar

Adding and Subtracting Fractions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 376 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Adding subtracting fractions 1. Where in life is this useful? a) Cooking: [pic] b) Measurements (construction, remodeling, etc): [pic] c) Time: [pic] d) Money: [pic] 2. Fractions with the same (â€Å"common†) denominators Example: (without converting back forth from mixed numbers): [pic] [pic] 3. Fractions with different denominators In order to add (or subtract) fractions with different denominators (as a reminder, that’s the bottom number), you’ll need to convert them to have the same denominators. This is one place where we get to use the â€Å"least common multiple† that we talked about a while ago. Let’s start with money, because we all do that conversion frequently, and without thinking about what we’re doing. If we add a quarter a nickel, we know off the top of our head that we have 30 cents, or 30/100 of a dollar. But what is the math that we’re doing? [pic] First, we need to convert to a common denominator. For m oney, rather than worrying about the lowest common denominator, we automatically convert to hundredths. We do that by multiplying by one in the form of a fraction: [pic]. We can do this because multiplying a number by 1 does not change its value. So, we now have: [pic]. All we’ve done is converted the quarter to 25 cents and the nickel to 5 cents. From this point, we can add them: [pic]. We don’t give much thought to all these steps that we go through, but as soon as it is phrased as â€Å"adding fractions†, it seems to get much harder! Now, let’s try a more abstract case. For no particular reason, we need to add 1/3 to 1/4. The LCM for 3 4 is 12 (if you get stuck finding the LCM, and don’t mind dealing with larger numbers, you can multiply the denominators and reduce your answer at the end). So: [pic]. With a little practice, you’ll be able to skip writing the second step the next to last step. Let’s work through one more exa mple problem, where the lowest common denominator isn’t simply found my multiplying the numbers together: [pic]. The LCM of 3, 6 2 is 6, so we want to convert everything to sixths: [pic] [pic]. That can be reduced to [pic] or [pic] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Adding and Subtracting Fractions" essay for you Create order

Do Men Make Better Managers Than Women - 1413 Words

Do men make better managers than women? The idea of men making better managers than women is highly subjective and thus very much down to the personal opinion of individuals both within and outside of a workplace. Due to the subjective nature of this subject, it is hard to come to an overall conclusion and thus directly answer the question. Therefore this essay aims to demonstrate both the strengths and weaknesses of both men and women within managerial roles, and show how they are of equal capabilities to perform within a managerial position. This essay will explore the qualities of both men and women that enable both genders to be good managers. Furthermore there will be a focus on the history of both men and women in management, which will show how women have generally being regarded as being misrepresented within management due to gender stereotyping. Traditional sex role stereotypes state that males are more masculine in the workplace showing signs of being self-reliant, aggressive, competitive and good at decisive de cision making (Powell, 1990). However females show signs of being more feminine with characteristics including, being sympathetic, gentle, and shy (Powell, 1990). Since 1970 the number of women in management has increased rapidly, with the overall proportion of women managers increasing from 16% to 40%,despite this the proportion of women in top management roles is was less than 3% in the 1990’s (Powell, 1990). This demonstrates that women are stillShow MoreRelatedWomen s Talent As A Leader1401 Words   |  6 PagesMen have long occupied the dominant positions in workplace, especially in management level, but changes have taken place since women began to ask for their own rights. More and more women are observed to compete with men in work. 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Well, based on the definition from Oxford dictionary, it is A person who manages staff, an organization or a football team. Over the last decade or so, there has been a significant change to the role of women, especially in the workplace. There has been a significant increase in female managers and team leaders yet we need to question, do gender matter in carrying out a task? Would men make better managers than women or vice versa? This debate as to which gender make s a better managerRead MoreWho Is A Better Leader? Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesWho makes a better leader? The competition of who is a better leader is still on the run. There is no doubt that there is change in the leadership styles and skills of men and women. Men by birth are considered to be more powerful in terms of confidence and in contrast women are considered to be the ones who are less powerful. From the very ancient times people have preferred male to in the top managerial position. 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Empirical Analysis Frugal Products Services â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Responses That The Local Health Providers Need To Have? What Are The Responsibilities Of The Local Community? What Are The Main Causes For Their Harassments? What Are The Basic Issues For This Campaign? How Are Those Issues Important To The Society? What Are The Existing Laws, Policy And Strategy That May Be Related Or Might Cause Problems And How Are They Implemented? How Could These Changes Help In The Policy Resolving Of The Problems? What Is The Type Of The Policy That Needs To Be Changed In Case Of The Regulation, Legislation, Legal Decision, Proclamation, Institutional Practices And The Others? What Are The Financial Implications That Has Been Proposed In The Change Of The Policy? Answers: Introduction In this report, the campaign Respect. Now. Always will be discussed. This program has an action plan that deals with the initial responses in the survey of the report in the universities of Australia. This has also developed further initiative series that is a major one and will be funded and undertaken as a part of the campaign Respect. Now. Always. In this report the background of the campaign along with its issues that needs to be addressed and its definite campaign goals will also be discussed. The policy of the environment will be elaborately discussed with the help of the power maps that will help in the understanding of the campaign. The campaign has opened its support help lines for its victims and survivors that is available around the clock and throughout the year. This services are available for face to face counseling even. This kind of services is also available at the Universities even. This services are operated by the specialist counsellor in the Domestic Violence and Rape services in Australia. This plan was initiated on 1st August that includes a series of preventions and awareness initiatives that will help to complement the local initiatives that will play an underway for the prevention. Background of the issue The campaigning program Respect. Now. Always was first started on February 2016, in one of the University of Australia that has made an initiative on a ground breaking level in order to primarily prevent and address the harassments and the sexual assaults (Neubauer and Lank 2016). The campaign Respect. Now. Always highlights the determination factors that is found in the Australian University so that an ensuring idea can be made on the places that has its own respect and safety measurements. The campaigning work was built by the individual University in Australia that has developed its procedures, services and practices in their support systems (Charter and Tischner 2017). Problems of the campaign Firstly, there is a need to identify the problem so that it may be resolved. The main motif of this problem is to highlight the underpinned areas in a society to its forefront so that it may be get an awareness. There is also a need to make those communities suffer that is more often due to the evidence that is often regarded dispute. The program makes a particular community suffer more that includes the harassments and the assaults. The questions that may arise are: There is a requirement to carry out the research and an analysis that is based mostly on the resources of the campaigns In order to make a proper development of the strategy the policy needs to be developed along with the involvements that has proposed changes. The main problem is that the people are not willing to speak out about their problems and they keep it to their self rather than to talk it out and make the possible way for resolving this. The main motif of this campaign is to make the people come up with their problems so that they become relaxed and lead a normal life. There is a need to make those victims come back to normal life so that they can enjoy every spheres of their life without any stoppage. Objectives of the campaign goal The Respect. Now. Always campaign has some aims those are: To assist the different Universities in sharing the best resource practices globally around the sectors To raise the awareness of the sexual harassment and the sexual assault and also to uplift the visibility of the various support services for the students To obtain the data that will help to guide to bring further improvement in the services and the policy of the University. Establishing credibility as an activist There are many ways through which the credibility can be maintained as an activist in the program of the Respect. Now. Always. This campaigning program is stated as a credible activist that is regarded as one of the most critical skill in demonstrating the campaigning program in this case (Dauvergne and Lister 2013). In order to improve the credibility there is a need to make the consistency as one of their key elements that starts with being an expert by keeping the trends advance the up to date impacts for the future (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). There is a need to know the external environment that will trust people in making new judgements, and advices in the internal realms. Some of the activist campaigns are considered to have a long term investment horizon that will be based on the suggestions in their reputations. Through the study of almost 2000 activist campaigns over the last 10 years by the people will help them on an average holding period that is just over the two years (Kandachar and Halme 2017). The activist campaigns are often termed friendly that has the approach of a shareholder that points on the view that is based on the capital that has several opportunities that may be deployed even in enhancing the value. The conversation is between the investor and the management of the campaigning program (Loorbach and Wijsman 2013). The campaigns are activist in nature that has its objectives and tactics that mostly vary. There are certain activists that discreetly put in front the proposals that are more focused on the incremental creation of the value that is primarily through the constructive interactions with the managements of the programs. There are other rapid ways to mount it in order to make it more aggressive and the public campaigns that is primarily aimed at making a proxy to their contests. In other ways there are tactics to make them force towards the major campaigns that includes transformations or making a composite change in the composition of the management in the boards even (Hesselbarth and Schaltegger 2014.). There are different countries apart from Australia that has attracted a large amount of attention from the activists that has no other industry that may have appeared immune to it (Hrisch, Freeman and Schaltegger 2014). There are other regulatory interests that has come into the play that has marked them as the activists in order to mark it across the broad range of the industries that might unlikely continue to do so. The factors that tends to be attracted to the attention of the activists that has a strong amount of the cash flow that has low dividend payout ratios along with under performance and conservative balance sheets that will work as shifting the face of the market forces and making the business models (Boons et al. 2015). Analysis of the policy environment There is a need to make a complete analysis of the concepts of the policy that is found in the research that will act as a vital part of their environment that has its effectiveness in the advocacy strategy (Boons and Ldeke-Freund 2013). The key elements that is usually added in the context of the analysis includes identification of the cause that is related to the issues of harassment along with the complete analysis of the structural policy making bodies (Rosca, Arnold and Bendul 2017). This also includes the informal and the formal policy making processes along with the complete analysis of the political powers as its key factors. There is various opportunity that will eventually help in gaining the advocacy capacity along with the pestle analysis that needs to be closely analysed keeping in mind the positions of the government and their leaders as well (Bohnsack, Pinkse and Kolk 2014). The broader the socio economic aspects the more apprehensive is the concerns that includes the donors, business, research institutes etc. The key questions for its analysis includes: There is another major aspect that will help in the policy making environment that has an enormous impact on the advocacy level of the transparency and open mindedness (Bocken, Ran and Short 2015). That is in some of democratic and the open regimes that will not only make them obtain the information in these relevancy through the channels in an official way. This also takes the relevancy of the information that is through the consultations and the meetings. In converse to the regimes that often lacks the transparency and the openness that is quite difficult in order to make the key information through a successful way in terms of the policy in the political system and its democracy (Slawinski and Bansal 2015). Strategy development Investigating the different strategy for the development of the strategy that is an underlying fact for the issues of the policy. In case of its deal with the government there is a need to formulate the strategy before taking any administrative or legislative action (Benn, Dunph and Griffiths 2014). The strategies will help in identification of the motivations, interests and attitudes about a very particular issue that has its future plans even. Implementation of the plan There is a need to implement the plan that has been made in making the campaign a successful event (Hesselbarth and Schaltegger 2014). The plan includes various promotional activities like the celebrity talk shows, debates, distribution of the leaflets, live screening and special photoshoots along with the stage shows. These are the few ways through which the plan for the campaigning of the Respect. Now. Always has been made. The weakness and the strengths of the campaigning materials and its strategy needs to have a targeted outcome about its potential objectives. Ultimately it all depends on the various types of the events that will be hosted by the campaigning program (Carayannis, Sindakis and Walter 2015). Campaign calendars September Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Run special promotions Live updates One: one conversation Free counseling Promoting merchandises Leaflets distribution Live screening Distribution of leaflets Special photo shoot Celebrity talks Stage shows Debates Free counseling Victims talk about their issues University Campaigns Special photo shoot Critical analysis of campaign outcomes In the critical analysis of the campaigning outcomes will help in making the plans in a very profound way (Bansal and DesJardine 2014). The main outcome should revolve around making the campaigning plan a huge success. There will be various critical analysis analysis of the outcomes of the campaign that needs to be dealt with so that the campaign makes the plan a huge success (Armstrong et al. 2015). There is a need to make a logical framework that has its sub goals that can easily be attained in order to fulfil the goals of the campaign. There is a lot more difference between the outcomes and the objectives that has almost taken a long time in making it to the actions of the stakeholders. There is a need to refer to the different aspects that can easily be implemented in making it an alliance that has a supportive and awareness of the campaigning goals and its objectives (Wheelen and Hunger 2017). A brilliant way would be to use the steps that has been stated in the campaigning plan ning calendar in order to make the promotion a success. Conclusion From the above report, it is quite evident that the campaigning program is all about the various issues around the Respect. Now. Always. The campaign outlines along with the strategy map with the use of the strategic development and the campaigning outcomes has been vividly discussed. In this report, the strategy maps along with the developments of the strategy has been vividly discussed with the use of the campaigning problems. The background of the campaign Respect. Now. Always has been elaborately explained with a complete analysis on the strategic development. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bansal, P. and DesJardine, M.R., 2014. Business sustainability: It is about time.Strategic Organization,12(1), pp.70-78. Beckmann, M., Hielscher, S. and Pies, I., 2014. Commitment strategies for sustainability: how business firms can transform trade?offs into winwin outcomes.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(1), pp.18-37. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bocken, N.M.P., Rana, P. and Short, S.W., 2015. Value mapping for sustainable business thinking.Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering,32(1), pp.67-81. Bohnsack, R., Pinkse, J. and Kolk, A., 2014. Business models for sustainable technologies: Exploring business model evolution in the case of electric vehicles.Research Policy,43(2), pp.284-300. Boons, F. and Ldeke-Freund, F., 2013. Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.9-19. Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J. and Wagner, M., 2013. Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.1-8. Carayannis, E.G., Sindakis, S. and Walter, C., 2015. Business model innovation as lever of organizational sustainability.The Journal of Technology Transfer,40(1), pp.85-104. Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Charter, M. and Tischner, U. eds., 2017.Sustainable solutions: developing products and services for the future. Routledge. Coomer, J.C. ed., 2016.Quest for a Sustainable Society: Pergamon Policy Studies on Business and Economics. Elsevier. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Dauvergne, P. and Lister, J., 2013.Eco-business: A big-brand takeover of sustainability. MIT Press. Doppelt, B., 2017.Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for business, government and civil society. Routledge. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Hesselbarth, C. and Schaltegger, S., 2014. Educating change agents for sustainabilitylearnings from the first sustainability management master of business administration.Journal of cleaner production,62, pp.24-36. Hrisch, J., Freeman, R.E. and Schaltegger, S., 2014. Applying stakeholder theory in sustainability management: Links, similarities, dissimilarities, and a conceptual framework.Organization Environment,27(4), pp.328-346. Kandachar, P. and Halme, M. eds., 2017.Sustainability challenges and solutions at the base of the pyramid: Business, technology and the poor. Routledge. Loorbach, D. and Wijsman, K., 2013. Business transition management: exploring a new role for business in sustainability transitions.Journal of cleaner production,45, pp.20-28. Neubauer, F. and Lank, A.G., 2016.The family business: Its governance for sustainability. Springer. Rosca, E., Arnold, M. and Bendul, J.C., 2017. Business models for sustainable innovationan empirical analysis of frugal products and services.Journal of Cleaner Production,162, pp.S133-S145. Slawinski, N. and Bansal, P., 2015. Short on time: Intertemporal tensions in business sustainability.Organization Science,26(2), pp.531-549. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.

Art Of The Ancient Romans Essay Example For Students

Art Of The Ancient Romans Essay Roman architectural style originated from a combination of Greek and Etruscan but evolved into a style of its own. Among other innovations, Rome gave the world concrete, vaulting, roads, aqueducts and arches. The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia (late 2nd Century BCE) utilizes axial planning like the Greeks but it also uses arches and a new material: concrete, to create this elaborate terraced structure. The arches allow for higher ceilings and more free space. It eliminates the need for columns by delivering the weight to the buttressed sides in a lateral thrust. By using concrete, material was less expensive and more readily available as opposed to transporting marble and other materials across the empire. As the empire expanded, so too did its need for elaborate structures to exemplify and remind its people of its success. The Colosseum in Rome (ca 70-80 CE) is said to hold more than 50,000 spectators. The Colosseum is free standing and its weight is held up by the vaulting and arches. Three-quarter columns also support some weight on the first tier they were ionic, second Doric and third Corinthian. The structure had many entrances to allow for practical and efficient movement of the spectators. Its function was mostly to entertain with violent gladiatorial fights, bloody hunts against exotic animals imported from Africa and even re-enactments of naval battles. A large canopy could be pulled across the top in case of rain and for shading purposes to make spectating slightly more comfortable. To make the shows more elaborate and unpredictable the Colosseum had various trap doors and passageways underneath complete with training grounds for the gladiators. Another Roman architectural wonder is the Pantheon (ca 118-125 CE). Revolutionary in its design and its exploitation of concrete and coffers, a huge dome and a design based off of the intersection of two circles creates the image of the interior as an orb of the earth and the dome as the heavens. Atop the dome is an oculus, with a diameter of 30 feet, this opening is the only source for light. To carry all the weight, basalt was added to the mix in the foundations and after modification the top stones were replaced with pumice to lighten the load. The thickness of the dome decreases as it nears the oculus and coffers functionally lighten the load while providing decoration. It is believed that each coffer had a gilded-bronze rosette at its center so as to amplify the effect of the stars and the heavens. Without columns crowding the interior, and with only an oculus for the source of light, dramatic effects and symbolism are amplified as a result of the features of the Pantheon. New materials and innovations allowed for larger scale architecture that in turn expanded the purpose of each building by accommodating more people in the vast space.